Crete’s rugged relief, extensive limestone formations and the erosive action of water have created hundreds of gorges, many of which contain steep drops, narrow passages and impressive waterfalls. Some can be crossed on foot, while technical canyons require specialist knowledge and canyoning equipment.

Canyoning, also known as canyoneering, combines hiking, rappelling, swimming and movement through narrow passages and natural pools. Depending on the route, season and water conditions, it may also involve descending waterfalls, sliding down natural rock chutes and jumping into pools. Jumps are never compulsory and should only be attempted after an experienced guide has checked the depth and conditions.

Crete’s best-known technical canyons include the imposing Ha Gorge and the highly demanding Arvi Gorge. Arvi features the approximately 85-metre Kapnistis waterfall, after which the river enters a dark underground section for about 150 metres. Popular locations for training and shorter technical descents also include Tsoutsouras Gorge, Panagia Keralimeniotissa Gorge, or Kalami I, and Xerofarago Gorge, or Kalami II.

The difficulty of a canyon can change considerably according to water flow, season, weather conditions and the condition of its fixed anchors. Technical canyons should only be descended by a properly trained team or under the supervision of an experienced, qualified guide. Essential equipment includes a helmet, canyoning harness, ropes, suitable footwear and descending equipment, as well as a wetsuit in aquatic canyons.

Before entering a canyon, the weather forecast must be checked across the entire drainage basin, not only at the canyon entrance. A storm several kilometres away can cause a sudden and extremely dangerous flash flood. The group should know the available escape routes, carry first-aid and emergency equipment and inform another person of the planned route and expected return time.

Canyoning groups must respect the natural environment, avoid disturbing wildlife and leave no rubbish behind. Fixed anchors should never be assumed to be safe without inspection, as floods, corrosion and rockfall may damage them between descents.